Friday, December 27, 2019

Similarities Between Egyptian And Mesoamerican Societies...

There are many societies from ancient time to present time that have similarities and differences from one another. Amongst the many societies in the world, are Egyptian and Mesoamerican societies. There are many similarities as well as differences among Egyptian and Mesoamerican societies. Egyptian and Mesoamerican societies have many similarities to begin, both societies were complex civilizations. Both Egyptian societies and Mesoamerican societies developed their own cultures and religious beliefs. The Mesoamericans and as well as the Egyptians both believed in a god. Both societies also believed that this god needed to be praised and worshipped in order to have good harvests and enough of a food supply for their people to survive. Both Egyptians and Mesoamericans built structures for their religions, the Egyptians built pyramids while Mesoamericans built temples. The Egyptians believed their pharaoh’s were the sons of their gods and used the pyramids to bury the pharaoh’s after they died(TeenInk). The Maya and Olmec of the Mesoamerican societies built temples for the use of a ritual site. The Mesoamerican ritual sites were also used to sacrifice humans that they believed god wanted blood in return for things they did for the Mesoamerican people. The Me so Americans would play a ball game and whoever the winner was would be sacrificed to the gods, this was considered as a respect to the gods(Bentley, 2011). Ancient Egypt and Mesoamerica had another thing in common, aShow MoreRelatedCivilization : A World Without Civilization954 Words   |  4 Pagessocial aspects. How did these people live? There are many similarities and differences between the six universally known early civilizations. These including Mesopotamians, Egyptians, the Indus, Yellow River people, Mesoamericans, and finally the Andeans, which eventually evolved into the Incas. From 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, one thing many of these blooming civilizations had in common is migrating to the water to begin agricultural societies. The end of an ice age resulted in the lands drying outRead MoreThe Mayan Civilization And The Maya Empire1677 Words   |  7 Pagescivilization was one of the most dominant indigenous societies of Mesoamerica. Unlike other scattered indigenous populations of Mesoamerica, the Maya were centered in one geographical block covering all of the Yucatan Peninsula and modern-day Guatemala; Belize and parts of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas; and the western part of Honduras and El Salvador. This concentration showed that the Maya remained relatively secure from invasion by other Mes oamerican peoples. Within that expanse, the Maya livedRead MoreAP World1176 Words   |  5 Pagesandanalyzewhytheydevelop differentlyin someregions ★ Distinguishthecharacteristics of complex civilizationsandjudgewhether theycould develop without any recognizable centralized control Big Picture Questions 1. â€Å"The particular cultures and societies of Africa and of the Americas discussed in this chapter developed largely in isolation from one another.† What evidence would support this statement and what might challenge it? 2. â€Å"How do you understand areas of the world, such as Bantu AfricaRead MoreThe Mystery Of Vampires And True Blood2658 Words   |  11 Pagesfolklore stories to the large screen imaging we see today with twilight and True Blood, one thing is certain, Vampires have traveled across continent as well as eons of time and influenced culture. With this paper, the exploration of the connections between the different cultures that have vampire folklore and what those connections are. Vampires: Cultural Connections The actual definition of the word vampire and it origin is still mysterious as the creature it is used to described but one thing isRead MoreWhat Aspects Of Human Life Remain The Same Across All Three Groups2974 Words   |  12 Pagesthe way they hunt for food. 3. Based on the data above, what key changes took place across all three groups in the following areas: A. Migration - Humans migrated many different places. B. Technology - They used different technology to hunt. C. Society - Humans communicated in different languages to trade. 4. Craft an acceptable thesis statement that addresses both the changes and the continuities across all three groups. When a new generation comes their will be a new way to do things like findingRead MoreThe Mystery Of Vampires : Cultural Connections2293 Words   |  10 Pagespoints in the case of the vampire, in most of the stories from Eastern Europe, the creature will have returned from the dead to feast on the living with only certain methods that would repulse or kill the creature. There are several distinctions between the vampires of these different cultures, much like the early eastern European vampire being with an appearance of having returned from the dead, whereas the vampire from turn of the century Western Europe (London) would appear as a rich aristocraticRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagessuch as burial, found at the Paleolithic. The sense that there is more to the world than meets the eye—in other words, the religious response to the world—seems to be as old as humankind. Paleolithic culture could support only a sparsely settled society. If hunters were too numerous, game would not suffice. Since labor appears to have been divided according to sex, it was probably women, gathering food, who discovered how to plant and care for seeds. This knowledge eventually led to agricultureRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagesbeing used in the modern world. The Reflections section offers examples of Mao Zedong, the modern Indian nonviolence movement, the British imperial education system, and Mussolini all using the examples of previous empires as models for their own societies. †¢ As prompted by the opening and closing sections of the chapter, a student might draw potential lessons for the United States today, especially from the model of Rome, whose conquests led to a political shift from a republican to an imperial political

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Literary Analysis How Meursault Is Indifferent in the...

Literary analysis: How Meursault is indifferent in The Stranger, by Albert Camus Although Meursault is the title character and narrator of Albert Camus’ short novel The Stranger, he is also a somewhat flat character. His apparent indifferent demeanor may be a convenience to Camus, who mainly wanted to display his ideas of absurdism. And as a flat character, Meursault is not fully delineated: he lacks deep thought and significant change. His purpose is that of a first-person narrator whose actions embody the absurd, even before he has any awareness of the fact. Since Meursault is embodied absurdism, it is not necessary that he be hyperaware of his thoughts and intentions. His truth has already been built into his character by the†¦show more content†¦In addition, Meursault’s sensory experience of life, his physical pleasures and in-the-now perspective, is a demonstration of living life to the fullest. The absurdist must live life passionately, putting all of one’s weight into existence by not wasting time or energy on the ethereal or ephemeral. The fact that Meursault does not want to think about religion, even as he awaits execution, shows how the ideal absurdist would live life: loyal to one’s own being until the end – not to a father in the sky, or to an abstract hope. Meaning of one’s life must come from one’s own creative efforts. Meursault’s indifference to spiritual matters – and even sensory matters that are in the distant past and are therefore unimportant to him – is used to emphasize the passion for the present that Camus decided the absurd hero should have. So it is not so much that Meursault is totally indifferent, he is just indifferent to things outside of the now. Not only embodying absurdism but speaking it by the end of the novel, Meursault parrots the same conclusion Camus reached in The Myth of Sisyphus, in which Sisyphus is charged with the meaningless task of pushing a rock up a mountain for eternity, each time watching it role back down to the bottom. He understands why his mother took a fiancà © as she was approaching death, as if she were starting her life over: she would haveShow MoreRelatedLiterary Analysis Of The Stranger 2900 Words   |  12 Pages Curtis Poindexter Professor Slattum English M01B 11 December 2014 Literary Analysis: The Stranger The novel The Stranger is a first-person account of the life of M. Meursault from the time of his mother s death up to a time evidently just before his execution for the murder of an Arab. It was written by Albert Camus in 1942. Meursault however, is not your typical hero of a story; rather an antihero. He is neither good nor bad, and harbors no emotion. He goes through his life with a preconceived

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Capital Punishment on Sex Offenders free essay sample

Nathaniel Pallone is explaining that Megan’s law was passed because the lack of treatment for the offender. He supports his claim by pointing out that Megan’s killer had been incarcarated twice for the same offense and released due to completion of sentence and not because he received treatment for his actions. Pallone argues that the prosecutor, the defense attorney, and the presiding judge was only interested in saving the state more expenses of a trial. As a professor of psychology and an editor of the Journal of Offender Rehabilitaion, Pallone has served on the Special Classification Review Board (SCRB) for sex offenders in the New Jersey Department of corrections since 1976. He also served as dean and academic vice president of the State University of New Jersey. Pallone states there was failure in the criminal justice system. He supports his facts by stating, â€Å" Megan’s Law came to be , not only without legislative hearings on any of the several proposed bills but also without even a cursory reconstructive analysis of the chain of events that placed a twice-convicted sex offender at liberty without even the mild deterrence of parole supervision†. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Punishment on Sex Offenders or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pallone is trying to let people know that seven year old Megan kanka could be alive today if the criminal system would have taken on treatment for megan’s killer, instead of releasing him back to the community to inflict more pain to families. This is a good argument because Pallone describes how sex offenders can be released without the right tool to help reconstruct their character. He explains that with the proper treatment and well maintained behavior , a sex offender can make a remarkable recovery and return to society. Secondly, Pallone’s tone states that the offender should have been recommended to a state psychiatric hospital. He supports claims by saying, â€Å" If there is a â€Å"benefit† for ADTC and its treatment program in the aftermath of Megan’s death, it is that a pathway has been established whereby an inmate whose sentence is about to expire but who has not been recommended for parole may be referred with a recommendation for involuntary but civil commitment to a state psychriatric hospital†. Finally , Pallone focuses his main point on inmates leading to parol before Megan’s law was enacted. He explains that offenders under the Megan’s law face unemployment, no shelter, and a constant reminder of their past. This is a great argument because Pallone wants people to know that a sex offender ,after being released can continue to be punished for what he/she has done. Pallone apparently makes his point by giving direct information on cases regarding sex offenders and the criminal system. Pallone do not fully support Megan’s Law and strongly believe that a offender can be recreated by treatment then released back into a community as been marked â€Å"paid in full†.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Financier Review Essay Example

The Financier Review Paper Essay on The Financier I read again novel by Theodore Dreiser. The novel, released in 1912, tells of the time stopyatdesyatiletney ago in US history. In parallel with the formation of the main character, Frank Cowperwood we see how the formation and America itself, its financial system and Philadelphia in particular. Prototype of the hero was taken image of multi Tyson Yerkes, and I think the trilogy begun in financiers, following in the Titan, transferred to Chicago, after the real prototype, it should be of interest to all who are attracted to strength of character, determination, and then to the entire list of immorality, which are attributed to the protagonist. The book can serve as a vital reference books, textbooks novice financier. It is very interesting to read about the world of financial operations, transactions, stock market speculation, about the construction of horse railway shares, par parities, the rise and fall of the course, and the whole financial kitchen Much of the 150-year history ine vitably compared with the current time. .. The lack of Internet, mobile communication, various wifi certainly had a disastrous effect on the fate of the main character, but it was the year when there was only the telegraph. The fall and rise, rise and fall this is what accompanies the financial and personal world of Frank Cowperwood, but it goes with the prowess of the complex vicissitudes and infect his optimism and determination. Even in prison, where he was serving a sentence of 2.5 years, comparing it to the treasurer and Stener, seen amazing strength of spirit and character. Infected after the author of optimism! Read!

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Whats the Difference Between WordPress Plugins vs Themes Explained

Wondering whats the difference between WordPress plugins vs themes?In general,  you use a WordPress theme to change how your site looks and a plugin to add or change functionality on your site.However, in real life, the lines can get kind of blurred, which is why we think its helpful to spend some time covering the differences between WordPress plugins vs themes.Keep reading to learn more about the similarities and differences, as well as when you should use a plugin vs a theme. build any kind of website you could imagine, it would be bloated and confusing. Therefore, WordPress ‘core’ is kept deliberately streamlined. It includes only features useful to the vast majority of users.To shape your WordPress starter site into the website you want, you can install a unique collection of themes and plugins. These are add-ons to the platform – small pieces of software that can be downloaded and installed on your WordPress site. They include new features and functionalit y, ranging from the simple to the complex:In other words, you can think of WordPress as a modular system. You start with a basic foundation, and add on only the elements you need. This is an excellent way to build a website, as it means you have a lot of control over its look and function.The key differences between WordPress plugins vs themesSo far, we’ve talked about what these two types of add-ons have in common. However, they come in two ‘flavors’ for a reason. Lets cover the key differences between WordPress plugins vs themesWordPress themesWordPress themes are designed to make large-scale changes to your website’s appearance. This includes its design, layout, colors, navigation, and everything else involved in its overall look.Your WordPress site can only have one theme active at a time, while you can use as many plugins as you want.Most WordPress sites start out with a default theme installed, which is serviceable but looks very basic:However, by in stalling another theme, you can radically transform the way your site is laid out. For instance, here’s the same site pictured above, using the Hestia theme instead of the default Twenty Seventeen theme:Some themes, like Hestia, are ‘multipurpose’ in nature. This means they include customizations and options for a wide range of site types. Others are ‘niche’ themes, designed for a specific purpose (such as business themes or photography themes). Either way, you can almost always customize aspects of your chosen theme, such as its color scheme and even sidebar placements.WordPress pluginsWhile themes alter your website’s design, plugins are meant to add new features and functionalities. In simpler terms, themes affect what your site looks like, and plugins affect what it can do. This means plugins can’t be as easily summarized, since there are solutions for just about any functionality you can imagine.Some plugins focus on adding one spe cific feature to your site. Contact Form 7 is a perfect example, letting you build customizable forms and embed them on your pages.Other plugins, such as Jetpack or Wordfence, provide a variety of helpful tools and functionalities. No matter what you’d like your site to do, there’s a plugin to help get the job done.The overlap between WordPress plugins vs themesSo far, the distinction between WordPress plugins vs themes seems pretty clear. In theory, they’re two different types of add-ons with unique purposes. However, in practice, there is some overlap.The most common example is themes that do more than just alter your site’s appearance. Although visual style is still the focus of almost any theme, some will also include the types of features that could  be added by a plugin instead.For instance, many themes include ‘page builders’ – drag-and-drop editors that help you design more complex content. At the same time, you can also get a page builder in plugin form, such as Elementor or Beaver Builder, and use it with any theme you like:This is also an issue you’ll encounter when looking to build a very specific type of website. For instance, let’s say you want to create an online knowledge base. You could use a theme like KnowAll or a plugin such as Knowledge Base for Documents and FAQs, and either would provide you with the features you’ll need.How to decide whether you need a theme or a pluginIn most cases, it’s easy to figure out whether you should go looking for a theme or a plugin. If you want to change your site’s look and layout, a new theme is what you want. On the other hand, if you’re in need of a specific feature, plugins are typically your best bet.However, what should you do when you find yourself in a situation like those we described above? If what you need could conceivably be provided by either a theme or a plugin, you have a choice to make.Fortunately, i n most cases this choice is also pretty simple. Themes have a larger overall effect on your site, and changing your site’s theme can be a hassle you won’t want to go through very often. Therefore, it’s best to select your theme primarily based on the look and layout you want, rather than the features it includes. Then, you can add whatever additional functionality you require using plugins.The exception would be if you need to transform your site into something a little more out of the ordinary. For example, if you want to create a wiki, forum, or knowledge base, your job may be easier if you can find a theme providing both the overall look you want and the elements needed to make your site function correctly.The best way to determine what kind of tools you need is to spend some time exploring what’s available. As such, we’ll wrap up by pointing you towards the WordPress Plugin Directory and the WordPress Theme Directory:Both contain thousands of d iverse and vetted add-ons for your site. If you’re looking for something special, you may also want to take a look at the premium options on ThemeForest and CodeCanyon, and those in our own directory.ConclusionIn most cases, the difference between WordPress plugins vs themes is pretty clear. Themes alter your site’s layout and visual style, while plugins add all kinds of features and functionality. While there’s some overlap in those definitions, it’s best to choose a theme based on how you want your site to look, and then add on features via plugins as needed.Do you have any questions about WordPress plugins vs themes we havent answered here? Ask us anything in the comments section below! What's the difference between #WordPress #plugins vs #themes? Here's your answer!

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Why Creatures Shouldnt Read

Why Creatures Shouldnt Read Free Online Research Papers â€Å"I can hardly describe to you the effect of these books. They produced in me an infinity of new images and feelings, that sometimes raised me to ecstasy, but more frequently sunk me into the lowest dejection.† (Shelly 122). This quote is able to capture the essence of the books influence on the creature in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein. The four books that influence the creature are Sorrows of Young Werther, Paradise Lost, Plutarch’s Lives and Victor’s lab journal. The books teach the creature about love, human society and creation but mainly how he will never be able to have those things because he is perceived as a hideous monster. That is why the quote fits so well because he was â€Å"raised to ecstasy† by the great new feelings he learned but â€Å"sunk to low dejection† because he knew he could never have what he truly desired. The first book that the creature finds in the woods is Sorrows of Young Werther. Sorrows of Young Werther teaches the creature about love and how he will never be able to have love and also about the hardship of not having that love which he holds so dear. Sorrows of Werther is about a young artist who falls in love with a girl who is to be engaged. Werther is writing letters telling us of his deep lust for the girl but figures out he cant have her after this realization he must make a choice. Werther reasons that he must either kill himself the girl or the fiancà ©e he chooses himself. After reading this book the creature begins to â€Å"[apply] much personally to [his] own feelings and condition†(123). The creature begins to relate to Werther about his lust for a love that he can not have. Just like Werther who is not able to have his love because of the engagement the creature is not able to have love because he is perceived as a hideous monster. These thoughts and beliefs prompt the creature to tell Victor Frankenstein that he is â€Å"alone and miserable† and tells Victor that he must create a companion â€Å"of the same species and have the same defects†(139). Because he knows he cant have the love he lust for he forces Victor to create love because he learned that love is a basic human need from the Sorrows of Werther. In addition to the female companion the Sorrows of Werther are able to instill some of the hatred of the creature towards Victor because he made him so hideous and miserable. The Sorrows of Werther were able to instill a sense of both bleak alienation and intense self-questioning for the Creature. The second book the creature learns from is Paradise Lost. Paradise Lost teaches the creature about the relationship between creator and creation and about being an outcast in society. Paradise Lost is a story about creation of Adam and Eve and the Garden of Eden and all the good things. However the story is also about Satan and all of the bad things as well. The creature begins to relate to Adam in some ways like how he recognizes that he is the creation of Victor Frankenstein just like Adam is the creation of God. The creature begins to see that the similarities stop there and that Like Adam, [he] was apparently united by no link to any other human being[he] was wretched, helpless and alone. Many times [he] considered Satan as the fitter emblem of [his] condition (124). The creature then begins to see that because he is an outcast he is more like Satan. From these newly acquired beliefs the creature becomes more and more aggravated with Victor because he was not treated with dig nity like Adam but was thrown aside and shunned like Satan. This also helps to instill the lust for a mate because God gave Adam a mate like him so why can’t Victor give the creature a mate as well. Paradise Lost teaches the creature that he is an outcasted creation much like Satan and not like Adam. The third book that influences the creature is Plutarch’s Lives. Plutarch Lives teaches the creature about human society and the vicious nature of some of histories men. Plutarchs Lives is a series of biographies of famous men and of war from the ancient Greek and Roman time period. The creature believes that from this book he has learned â€Å"high thoughts† (123). He learned of â€Å"men concerned in public affairs, governing or massacring their species† (123). These show that he had begun to learn about society and the way that humans interact. He is also thinking of how he will never be able to participate in that because he will never be accepted into society because of his looks. He also began to start and plan the â€Å"war against the species† (121). The war against the species is his war against humans just like the leaders in ancient times that massacred their species. Plutarch’s Lives thought the creature about human society and the art o f war which he later used on the humans. The final book that influenced the creature was Victor Frankenstein journal from when he created the creature. From the journal the creature learns of how he was created and how much Victor loved him until the day the creature was â€Å"born†. The journal consists of all Frankenstein’s notes from when he was making the creature. The creature after he reads how Victor feels about him he gets angry and says â€Å"Accursed creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust? God, in pity, made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid even from the very resemblance†(124-125). The creature has taken what he has learned from Paradise Lost and applied it to in how God created creature beautiful and in his own image but Frankenstein made a monster he didn’t even love. This made the creature become increasingly more lonely and enraged and Victor for what he has put him th rough. The creature has become so enraged that â€Å" [he] declared everlasting war against the species, and more than all, against [Frankenstein] who had formed [him] and sent [him] forth to this insupportable misery.† The rage from the books had built up so much in the creature that he began to kill to get even with Frankenstein who had put him through all of the troubles he has gone through. From Victor’s journal the creature is able to learn about his â€Å"birth† and become enraged and his creators abandonment. In conclusion the books influence the creature in Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein in many ways. One way is that it teaches him about love, human society, creation and rejection. Another way that these books influence the creature is that they begin to instill many emotions in the creature because he is not able to have what he desires such as rage, revenge and dejection. The final way the four books that influence the creature is that it influences him to do many things, because he is unable to get the things he desires most, such as kill humans, desire another mate and wage war on the Frankenstein’s. The influence these books had on not only the creature but everyone the creature came into contact with is immeasurable but the influence these books had changed the lives of many of the characters in the book forever. Research Papers on Why Creatures Shouldn’t ReadMind TravelHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyWhere Wild and West Meet

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Strategy Plan for Ikea Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategy Plan for Ikea - Research Paper Example The new invented idea grew up very well compared to other companies whereby they used emails in giving orders. Giving orders by mail help them sell more than they used to do there earlier. The main challenges faced by the company were generating awareness in new countries, being able to make target ,ensuring the company do not go at a loss, creating new customers and ways of getting them, other competitor selling the same product at a cheaper price and getting new employee who is willing to comply with the company rule. Generating awareness in a new a country is a very expensive task whereby you need unique techniques to make the community or the different tribe to know IKEA company and know the product sold by it. The methods that used in most of the time were quite expensive. The mostly used methods used were tv and radio advertisements, sending marketers to the markets to do the market one on one with the customers or the buyers in the community and by putting billboards and posters around the urban areas. In different countries they speak different language whereby they had to train an employee who have been working for the company for several years and a person who is experience and know the products well and make the person know to read, write and speak the foreign language. The idea will help the company be able to venture into the new country and do the marketing. The decision is perilous whereby the company could just trust the employees trained the new foreign language that they are doing the right thing (Kim and Mauborgne 1). In this case the senior management in Sweden did not know what was happening in the foreign country and the could wait until the sales and this is the time they get an explicit feedback if the markets have done a smart job or not. New employees have to be employed with a nationality of the country, at least to have people who have the foreign language as their mother tongue. This was to ensure that the marketers will

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Noise pollution in the ocean Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Noise pollution in the ocean - Research Paper Example Some of the marine life has been adversely affected by the increase in noise pollution in the oceans and their survival has been compromised. Most of the marine life species have evolved over the years to possess very acute hearing abilities which are affected by an increase in the noise under water. Naturally, most of the species in the oceans majorly depend on sound to detect danger and also to hunt for their food. Noise pollution masks the important sounds to the marine life and it also causes stress to the animals. This paper focuses on noise pollution in the ocean and addresses the three main animals that are affected and how humans contribute to the noise pollution in the ocean. The three main animals affected by noise pollution Cephalopods Giant squids are some of the ocean animals that are affected by noise pollution. The squids are injured by the noise and it could even lead to death if they are subjected to certain frequencies of sound for a long time. According to research ers who are set out to find out whether squids can hear, the results of their study showed that the sea animals can hear. Unlike humans, their hearing capability is limited to around 500 Hz. This means that the animals cannot perceive the high frequency sounds from animals like dolphin screeches. Recent study has revealed that Giant squids are affected by sound in the least expected way, which affects their balance. In the research experiment, the squids were placed in tanks and were then exposed to two straight hours sound at low frequency. The findings revealed that the animals suffered great damage to their statocyst tissue which is responsible for balance while navigating in the water. The exposure is traumatizing and the lesions in their statocysts get worse (Coghlan 15). There are many types of squids and they have many relatives in the Cephalopods groups of marine species. The Octopus is also in the group and it is also vulnerable to noise pollution. Octopuses have also been affected in a similar way as the Squids by the low frequency noise in the ocean (Heimbuch Para 8). Squids live in various parts of the sea, some may be found in the deep sea while others may be found at more shallow depths. Noise from the activities on the surface of the sea or in the deep sea during fishing done by humans is transferred very fast across the water and it can reach the animals at all depths. Cephalopods are therefore very vulnerable to trauma and damage from noise pollution that is on the increase in the ocean. Cephalopods like the Humboldt Squid have been one of the most adversely affected marine species by noise pollution in the ocean over the past decade. In 2004, thousands of the squids died and were washed to the coast in Oregon. In 2008, a similar case occurred in the same region (Mulvaney Para 1). At that time, the marine biologists had no idea what was causing the mysterious deaths on such a large number of squids. Biologists undertook a study on four species of squids to determine the damage caused by low frequency noise on the animals. After a short time of exposure to the noise, the biologists observed that the hair in the statocysts of the animals had experienced damages. The nerves in the statocysts later swelled and soon after, holes would form in the statocysts. The findings were very shocking since the sound used was very low in frequency and the biologists were worried that exposure to higher frequencies of noise to the squid would have worse effects on them. Whales

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Understanding the Patient Intake Process Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Patient Intake Process Essay Medical Insurance describes the intake process using a decision tree model (pg. 79, Figure 3.1, Valerius, Bayes, Newby, Blochowiak, 2014). The tree leads administration personnel through a list of questions to determine if the patient is a new patient or an established patient. The first problem with this process is that some of the new patients are patients that have been seen at the practice. If an established patient has an appointment with a new specialist or sub-specialist that patient is registered as a new patient. The problem with this is describing these patients as new patients can lead to multiple patient records and lost data between physicians. If a patient for example, was seen in a large medical office that had several types of specialists and subspecialists creating a new patient chart for each visit to a new doctor or specialist would make it difficult to ensure that all files were updated. This would be particular important for a patient that was under more than one doctors care for more than one problem at a time. In cases where a patient had more than one problem, treatment for problem A could affect the treatment for problem B. It is important for doctors to know a patient’s complete history as well as current care when attempting to treat them. Using a master patient index is the first step to removing the need for duplicate records. In a master patient index a patient is registered the first time they are seen at a practice and given a constant and unique patient identification number. â€Å"Master Patient Index’s ensure that every patient is represented only once, and with constant demographic identification, within all systems of hospital data† (Master Patient Index, 2011). The master patient index as well as the medical records also needs a system to control the circulation of paper files or electronic database. A centralized medical records office would be the best way to control records (Green Bowie, 2011). The medical records office would control  the master patient index, which is never changed, so if a patient is absent from the practice for a number of years and returns their number could be found in the index. The centralized medical records office would also control the circulation of paper records. To release a record, the office would require a requisition for the record. Then records management would remove the record and replace it with an outcard and log the file back in when it was returned (Green Bowie, 2011). In an electronic database system, records management would control entering the demographic data and the administration data as well as scanning any paper records into the electronic records (Green Bowie, 2011). In a practice where patients might see different specialists or subspecialists there are two options for organizing the patient record. The POR system where each new problem would be entered using the SOAP method: subject (problem), objective (observations of condition and test results), assessment (providers evaluation), and plan (the treatment plan) (Green Bowie). The second option would be the SOR system where each source (provider, nurse, x-ray technician, lab technician, etc.), would group their entries together (Green Bowie). Considering Table 3.1in Medical Insurance the SOR system would probably be the best system for this organization. As this practice is used to organizing files specific to providers this system would be the most similar and thus the least confusing to change to. The SOR system would allow each specialist or subspecialist to easily identify ‘their’ section of the patient record as well as easily reference pertinent information. For instance, a new specialist needs to get lab work done to verify a chemical level before prescribing a particular medication. The specialist can easily access the lab technician’s results and see if the right test has been run recently. In a system where each new visit to a different specialist results in a new patient file, this information would be hard to cross reference. Maintaining patient records in a centralized location also allows for better control of medical files. When multiple copies of a patient file are in circulation it becomes increasingly difficult to control the circulation and  creates unnecessary possibilities for HIPPA violations. A Master Patient Index will also increase efficiency and patient care. According to Building a successful enterprise master patient index: a case study: â€Å"there are more overlap patient files than an organization usually perceives; an imprecise and incomplete base of demographic data will multiply the error rate for the enterprise† (Lenson, 1998). The master patient index ensures that patients are given a unique identification number only once, meaning there will never be multiple patient files for one patient. A centralized records management center ensures that there are not duplicate files due to decentralization. References Green, M. A. Bowie, M. J. (2011). Essentials of health information management: Principles and practices (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Language Lenson, C. M. (1998, August). Building a successful enterprise master patient index: a case study. Topics in health information management, 19(I), 66-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10181913 Master Patient Index. (2012). In Search Health IT. Retrieved from http://searchhealthit.techtarget.com/definition/master-patient-index-MPI Valerius, J., Bayes, N., Newby, C., Blochowiak, A. (2014). Medical insurance: An integrated claims process approach (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Green, M. A. Bowie, M. J. (2011). Essentials of health information management: Principles and practices (2nd ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, Cengage Language

Friday, November 15, 2019

Architecture as a Strategy for Crime Control

Architecture as a Strategy for Crime Control Urban Densification: Is it really the solution for sustainable cities? Architecture: The Tool for Crime Control Figure 1. The design of buildings and the arrangement of streets, public spaces and green areas might reduce crime rates The Parque Explora, Medellin, Colombia (American Society of Landscape Architects 2014). The worldwide concern about population growth and rapid urbanisation in many cities around the world has brought with it many social problems affecting sustainability and quality of life. Among the most serious social problems are crime and segregation. There is no doubt that crime and segregation are influenced by a multiplicity of factors such as economic, social, and governmental as well as physical elements (Marzbali et al. 2011). This disorderly expansion and informal settlements are generating empty spaces in the cities, creating a rupture in the urban fabric. Physical elements such as Rivers, railways, freeways even buildings are contributing to this rupture creating Social-Urban Barriers in cities. Katyal (2002) states that Governments need to pay special attention to the built environment towards the reduction of crime and social segregation. The design of buildings and the arrangement of streets, public spaces and green areas can affect the opportunity of crime (Soomeren 2008). The prevention of crime through environmental design or through urban planning and architectural design accompanied by communitys participation has proven to be a useful, effective, and feasible strategy to prevent crime and the sense of insecurity in cities (Marzbali et al. 2011). Countries throughout the world, such as Basil, Colombia, Australia, Japan, and Great Britain have used architectural design techniques to prevent crime. For example, the 2000 Sydney Olympics games, cleverly employed architecture to reduce crime by linking the new facilities with the existing neighbourhood (footpaths and streets), increasing street lighting in footpaths, modifying landscapes and creating visibility around sta diums (Katyal 2002). Therefore, this helped to increase profits, reduce incidents, and improvement on accessibility and enjoyment of the events. Figure 2. Sydney Olympic Park Railway Station Architects cleverly modified landscapes and created visibility around facilities   (Skyscraperscity.com 2006). A large number of experiments have shown that the number of certain types of crime can be reduced by modifying the opportunity to commit a crime in the built environment without having to move the place where the crime takes place (Marzbali et al. 2011). One of the most well-known and used methodologies for crime prevention around the world is the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED). The CPTED approach starts from the premise that, in certain spaces, crimes are the result of the opportunities offered by the same physical environment (The State of Queensland 2007). This provides the basis for proposing that in order to reduce the likelihood of crimes, it is necessary to alter the physical environment. The strategies employed in this approach are (1) passive or natural surveillance; (2) natural access control; (3) territorial reinforcement and (4) maintenance (Katyal 2002). In addition, Katyal (2002) explains that the design should create opportunities for natural sur veillance by residents, neighbours and visitors and instil a sense of territoriality so that residents to develop proprietary attitudes and outsiders feel deterred from entering a private space. So, the goal is to build communities and avoid social segregation. A good example of the prevention of crime through environmental design or through urban planning and architecture has been taken place in Medellà ­n, Colombia, the former The worlds most violent city, which, by providing quality public transport to marginalized areas (Metrocable), improvement of public space, creation of library parks (active all day), accompanied by other policies to promote vitality in the community   (such as the creation of businesses), gave rise to the recovery of a marginal neighbourhood and the reduction of crime (Medina 2014). Figure 3. As part of an extensive urban integration project in a huge informal settlement in Medellà ­n, Colombia, the recently-constructed system of escalators with public squares and balconies addresses serious problems regarding connectivity, security and coexist (Jordana 2013). Undoubtedly interventions of the built environment allow preventing crime by fostering life on the streets and building communities, as well as improving social sustainability in cities. Architects, Urban Planners and others design professionals should take into consideration the surrounding environment in order to reduce crime rates. This intervention also requires among others, a properly functioning police force and criminal justice systems along with a model of economic development that creates viable opportunities to escape poverty and reduce social inequality. References Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Skyscraperscity.com. 2006. Sydney Olimpic Park. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=460665, accessed 27-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. American Society of Landscape Architects. 2014. Medellins Social Innovation. https://dirt.asla.org/2014/04/10/medellins-amazing-transformation/, accessed 27-03-2017. Jordana, Sebastian. 2013. Awards Competition Boosts Momentum of Sustainable Construction. http://www.archdaily.com/436890/awards-competition-boosts-momentum-of-sustainable-construction, accessed 27-03-2017. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Netherlands Architecture Institute. 2013. Parque Explora. http://en.nai.nl/platform/innovation_agenda/item/_pid/kolom2-1/_rp_kolom2-1_elementId/1_1042577, accessed 27-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1. Katyal, Neal Kumar 2002. Architecture as Crime Control.   The Yale Law Journal 111 (1039):1039-1139. Marzbali, Massoomeh Hedayati, Aldrin Abdullah, Nordin Abd Razak, and Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki. 2011. A Review of the Effectiveness of Crime Prevention by Design Approaches towards Sustainable Development.   Journal of Sustainable Development 4 (1). doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v4n1p160 Medina, Salvador. 2014. La ciudad como estrategia preventiva contra el crimen [The city as a preventive strategy against crime.]. http://labrujula.nexos.com.mx/?p=115, accessed 23-03-2017. Soomeren, Paul Van. 2008. Prevencià ³n de la delincuencia mediante el diseà ±o ambiental y mediante el espacio urbano y arquitectà ³nico [Prevention of crime through environmental design and urban and architectural space].   Fundacià ³n Democracia y Gobierno Local y Diputacià ³ de Barcelona:273-306. The State of Queensland. 2007. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design.   Guidelines for Queensland 1.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Grief Counselling Essay

Attachment, loss and the experience of grief. Attachment Theory founded by John Bowlby (1977) it explains how we as humans obtain affectionate bonds with others and how when they are threatened how we as humans tend to react. He suggests that these attachments come from a need for security and safety. (P7) when it comes to loss of a loved one it then explains how we as humans are very much the same as the animal world in the way that we grieve a loved one. Grief is the term used to describe the loss that someone has experienced , morning is the process that the person goes through in adapting to the loss bereavement defines the loss to which the person is adapting to. Grief affects people in very different ways it can effect them physically, emotionally and cognitively, all of this can effect the way in which people function and go about there everyday life, this is all very normal and everyone who is grieving will go though this process in one way or another. Chapter 2 25-47 understanding the mourning process. Since mourning is a process, it has been viewed in various ways, primarily as stages, phases, and tasks of mourning. The tasks of mourning are: to accept reality; to experience the pain; to adjust to environment without loved one including external, internal and spiritual adjustments; to relocate and memorialize loved one. The second task in this chapter is that of the counsellor who is helping the client through the grieving process. The counsellor needs to look at the following things; the person who died, nature of attachment, circumstances of death, personality mediators, historical mediators, social mediators, concurrent changes. Chapter 3 51-80 Grief counseling Facilitating uncomplicated grief Grief counselling is not for everyone who has had a loss, most people are able to work though the mourning process on their own without any outside help. Some may just need time to process their loss and time to try and rebuild their lives after the loss this can be done on their own or some ay need the help of a counsellor to walk alongside them. The counsellor then needs to identify weather or not the bereaved fits into the at risk Category, at risk meaning at risk of falling into the category on complicated grief. Some medications can be helpful when going through the grief process, but are mainly helpful in dealing with anxiety issues or insomnia issues. Grief counselling can also be effective in counselling the be reaved as it gives them more support than just the counsellor. Chapter 4 83- 98 Abnormal Grief reactions: Complicated Mourning. This is looking at why people fail to grieve. Many factors can stand in the way as to why people fail to grieve. These are; relational factors, these are what type of relationship did the person have with the deceased. Circumstantial Factor; this relates to the circumstances of the loss they can be a hindrance if there is uncertainty as to how the deceased died. Historical factor; if the person has had trouble grieving in the past they may have trouble grieving in the future. Personality Factors; some are unable to cope with distress and this makes it hard for them to grieve appropriately.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Marx’s Theory of Class

Marx's definition of class. It's strengths and weaknesses. – Although the concept of class has a central importance in Marxist theory, Marx does not define it in a systematic form. Marx left this problem of producing a definition of the concept of social class until much later. The manuscript of the third volume of Capital breaks off at the moment when Marx was about to answer the question: ‘What constitutes a class? ‘ Even without his definition of class, one can reconstruct how the term is to be understood in his writings.In the Communist Manifesto, Marx presents us with a theory of world history as a succession of class struggles for economic and political power. The main classes of pre-capitalist societies are stated as: ‘freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman'1. But the dominant theme of Western society is the conflict between the exploiting bourgeoisie and the exploited proletariat. Thus it is the class str ucture of early capitalism, and the class struggles of this form of society, which constituted the main reference point for the Marxist theory of history.This is asserted by the Communist Manifesto's famous phrase, that ‘the history of all hitherto existing society is the history of all class struggles'2. The history of ‘civilized' society, for Marx, has been the history of different forms of class exploitation and domination. It is the form of class domination present which determines the general character of the whole social structure. For example, the growing of wheat using traditional, non-mechanical techniques is compatible with a wide range of social relations of production.A Roman citizen often owned slaves who worked his land growing wheat; a feudal lord would seize the surplus wheat grown by the serf on the lands; the early capitalist farmers began to employ landless laborers to do their manual work for a wage which was less than the total value of the product w hich they created. In each case, wheat is grown on land by the labor of men and women, but the social arrangements are totally different. There are totally different class relationships, leading to totally different forms of society: ancient, feudal, and capitalist.The one thing that unites these three arrangements is that in each case a minority class rules and takes the surplus away from the producers. Each society, says Marx, embodies class exploitation based on the relationships of production, or rather, the modes of production. The key to understanding – 2 – a given society is to discover which is the dominant mode of production within it. The basic pattern of social and political relationships can then be known. Since Marx concentrates his attention on the class structure of capitalist societies, it is only proper to follow him.As stated before, the key classes in the capitalist mode of production are the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, or capitalists and landle ss wage laborers. While Marx recognizes that there are other classes, the fundamental class division is between this pairing of the exploiter and the exploited. The bourgeoisie derive their class position from the fact that they own productive wealth. It is not their high income that makes them capitalists, but the fact that they own the means of production.For example, the inputs necessary for production – factories, machines, etc. The ability of workers to work (labor power) is in itself a marketable commodity bought for the least cost to be used at will by the capitalist. In addition, the capitalist owns the product and will always pocket the difference between the value of the labor and the value of the product – referred to by Marx as ‘surplus value' – purely by virtue of his ownership. His property rights also allow the capitalist the control of the process of production and the labor he buys.The proletariat in contrast, owns no means of production. Because of this exploitation, Marx viewed the bourgeoisie and the proletariat as locked in deep and unavoidable conflict. As capitalism expanded, the conflict would become more intense as the condition of the workers became worse. Over time, some members of the proletariat would come to understand their unfair position and would begin to communicate with each other. This would enable them to organize and overthrow the capitalist system.The revolution would pave the way for a new socialist system that would abolish private ownership of the means of production. This forms the basis of Marx's theory of class, and with further discussion, the complexities will present themselves. This two class model is not Marx's only use of the word ‘class'. He uses the term of other economic groups, and particularly of the petty or petite bourgeoisie and the peasants. These groups seem to make the neat division of the Communist Manifesto inapplicable, for these two – 3 – roups obv iously merge into bourgeoisie and the proletariat according to how many workers they employ or how much land they own. Marx even foresaw, with increased use of machinery and the increase of service industries, the advent of a new middle class. This raises two main questions. The first concerns the complications of social stratification in relation to the basic classes.In the fragment on ‘three great classes of modern society' in Capital III, Marx observes that even England, where the economic structure is ‘most highly and classically developed†¦ m]iddle and intermediate strata even here obliterate lines of demarcation everywhere'3 Even though this observation does not fit easily with the idea of an increasing polarization of bourgeois society between ‘two great classes', Cole explains how Marx: regard[ed] the blurring of class divisions as a matter of secondary importance, influential   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  in shaping the course of particular phases a nd incidents of the fundamental class struggle,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  but incapable of altering its essential character or its ultimate outcome. And] in the long   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  run the forces making for polarisation were bound to come into play more and more as the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  difficulties of Capitalism increased: so that the decisive class-struggle between capitalists   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and proletarians could be delayed, but by no means averted or changed in its essential   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  character by the emergence of any new class. 4 Even so, Cole asks for a ‘critique' of Marx in light of todays circumstances, questioning the validity of this statement. The second question concerns the situation and development of two principal classes in capitalist society, bourgeoisie and proletariat.In The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx gave this negative definition of a fully constituted class: In so far a s millions of families live under economic conditions of existence that seperate   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  their mode of life, their interests and their culture from those of the other classes, and put   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  them in hostile opposition to the latter, they form a class. In so far as there is merely a   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  local interconnection among these small-holding peasants, and the identity of their   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  interests begets no community, no national bond and no political organisation among   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  them, they do not form a class5 4 – In the Poverty of Philosophy, describing the emergence of the working class, Marx expressed the same idea in positive terms: Economic conditions had first transformed the mass of the people of the country into   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  workers. The combination of capital has created for this mass a common situation,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  co mmon interests. This mass is thus already a class as against capital, but not yet for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  itself. In the struggle, of which we have noted only a few phases, this mass becomes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  united, and constitutes itself as a class for itself. The interests it defends becomes class   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  interests. 6Most Marxists have recognized, that in the case of the working class, the development of a ‘socialist' or ‘revolutionary' consciousness poses problems which require more careful and thorough study. ‘Class interest' itself is no longer conceived, as it was in general by Marx, as an objective and unambiguous ‘social fact', but rather as having a sense which is constructed through interaction and discussion out of the experiences of everyday life and the interpretations of those experiences. This is further illustrated by Bottomore's belief that an investigation into the ‘development of soci al classes' would have to attend to three problems.First, the ‘consequences for the class structure, and especially for the polarization of classes, of the rapid increase in productivity and in the size of the surplus, and the concomitant growth of the middle classes'7 Bottomore states that how Marx defined the middle class, are the individuals who ‘live from' surplus value, but also ‘assist in the realization and distribution of the surplus'. Marx foresaw the growing number of the middle class, and as a result, the declining number of working class. This would seem to strengthen the bourgeois making the transformation to a classless society more difficult.Through Marx's own analysis, Bottomore says that the transition might not occur at all; thus, resulting in a type of society unlike the socialist society emerging from capitalism. Or, transformation brought about differently, from what Marx predicted, resulting in the classless society. ‘The nature of the s ocial conflict that would then bring about the breakdown of capitalism and the creation of a socialist society remains unclear, and is not discussed by Marx. ‘8 – 5 – The second problem concerns the ‘various cultural and political influences' which are a factor in the evolution of the revolutionary class consciousness.Marx, in early writings, emphasizes positive influences for this development such as: introduction of new technology (resulting in the displacement of workers to further the revolution), the reserve army of labor, the advent of the factory (resulting in concentration of workers creating a collective situation – class consciousness)9 But also negative influences such as: ‘dominant position of ruling-class ideas, the effects of social mobility, the growth of the middle classes. '10 Bottomore then states that national or ethnic consciousness is very important; one of the powerful influences that Marx neglected.The second influence is that of the increasing social differentiation in modern societies which breaks down the working-class consciousness to strengthen the middle class. In other words, increasing the number of middle class while decreasing the number of working class; a negative influence on revolutionary class consciousness. The last problem asks what conditions are necessary beyond the abolition of classes and private property in the means of production, in order to establish what Marx referred to as socialism.Marx wrote about the advancement of science and how it could be used to abolish scarcity to meet human needs. As a result, man would be free from those labors in order to pursue their human potential. Beyond all of this, what Bottomore is implying is the further study of Marx's political theory. Concentrating on the interaction between the development of production, emergence of new human needs, development of a political consciousness, and the creation of organizations to take part in a politi cal struggle. Regrettably, this political theory, like the theory of class, can only be examined through fragments of Marx's work.Another way of looking at Marx's theory of class is how Elster attempts to define class in terms of property, exploitation, market behavior, and power. Elster claims that Marx's ‘class' is frequently defined as ‘a group of persons who stand in the same relation of property or non- property to the factors of production, that is labor-power and means of production. '11 By using this definition, the words ‘property' and ‘non-property' are too restrictive or too open. There is a – 6 – need to distinguish between property owners but then the question arises, to what degree?This is also evident when using exploitation as a basis of defining class. As Elster puts it: ‘[t]he proposal is too coarse-grained if it locates all exploiters in one class and all exploited agents in another [and] too fine grained if classes are to be distinguished in terms of the degree of exploitation†¦. ‘infinite fragmentation' of classes. '12 In terms of the third proposal, defining class in terms of market behavior, Elster states that it is not useful in the study of non-market economies. Furthermore, ‘the proposal overemphasizes actual behavior and neglects its causal grounding in the endowment structure. 13 Basically, he is referring to choice. In Marx's view, the wage laborer has no choice in who to work for and for how much. The reasoning behind this is that the capitalist (though needing workers) can employ any individual he chooses. Elster says that class is defined by what one has to do, not what one actually does. So, for example, a wage laborer decides to work in a factory just for the pure joy of doing so. This individual should be put in a different class from the wage laborer who has to work in the factory. 14 Elster's final proposal is the aspect of power in defining class.To Marx, power r elationships are built into the very structure of society, whose principal feature is the existence of opposed classes. Thus, class domination and subordination are central to Marxist conception of politics and the distribution and operation of power. Power to Marx, is class power. In other words, it is a resource that is concentrated in the hands of a particular class, which that class can use to maintain and enhance its dominant position in society, a position achieved by economic exploitation. Elster says: ‘[t]he definition of class in terms of domination and subordination is too behavioral and insufficiently structural.By this I mean that the classes of the upper and lower managers are defined only by what they actually do, not – as in the case of capitalists and workers – by what they must do by virtue of what they have. ‘ – a reference back to Elster's third proposal. What Elster reveals are some of the more obvious problems inherent in Marx's theory of class. But all of this can still be referred to in past context. Clearly, the question that needs to be – 7 – asked is: can Marx's analysis be applicable today? It is obvious that there are some serious problems in Marx's account.Revolution has occurred in nations on the verge of entry into capitalism, not in societies which are mature and ‘ripe' for change. The working class in capitalist societies has enjoyed, in the long term, a rise in the standard of living, and labor movements have won enough welfare concessions to ease many of the poor. By no means all Western societies have strong Communist parties. In addition, the growth of the middle class of managerial and professional workers appears to contradict Marx's view that divisions among those without wealth would disappear.Western economies are open to crises, but the state seems able to keep them in check. Generally, then, Marx's ideas seem to many people to have been disproved by twentieth centu ry developments. However, this is a limited view. The real issues are firstly whether Marx's general perspective on stratification was sound, and secondly, whether contemporary Western societies are still capitalists in the general basic character of their social relations. The first issue is important because Marx provides an account of stratification which is significantly different from that of many other social theorists.Very often today, sociologists see classes as merely groupings of people with similar attributes such as income, type of occupation, and so on. Marx, on the other hand, saw classes as systematically linked in a particular structure of social relationships. An explanation of inequality is given through the analysis of the mode of production. Marx points out the deeper class relations and potential conflicts below the surface of society. This strength, however, is seen as a problem by many sociologists. They argue that Marx's class analysis is too simplistic to ac count adequately for the complexity of social inequality.For them, Marx's emphasis on the ownership of productive wealth leaves us unable to explain adequately all the differences in consciousness within the mass of the population who are not capitalists. Quite clearly, the Western economies are vastly changed today in comparison with Marx's time. There is far more economic intervention by the state in most societies of the West, and state employees of one kind or another form a large part of the work force. Nationalization and the – 8 – frequent replacement of individual owner or managers by shareholders and managerial bureaucracies have both changed the structure of industry.However, it can still be argued that private ownership of the means of production is the basis of economic power and wealth, and that the labor market is still the prime determinant of wage levels. The worker is still in a subordinate position in the work place, and the incomes of workers are sti ll very low in comparison with those who control them. Other interpretations are possible: it is commonly argued, for example, that the West has a mixed economy which works in everyone's interest, but others would still consider Western economies as capitalist.This brings us back to Marx's Capital III. It is clear that there are many aspects of Marx's theory of class which are not discussed in this essay; the theory is multifaceted. One still wonders what Marx would describe in his last work. Would it have been in the same terms as he had used thirty years before? Or would he have recognized, in this gap, the vitally important changes in the class structure of the modern societies of today, and that these changes were, to some extent, different from what he anticipated to occur? This question remains unanswered.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Labor Union History in California essays

Labor Union History in California essays The various labor movements in California have been among the most important in our nation. As a state with a tremendously diversified economy, California's workers are employed in every industry imaginable; from our huge agriculture base, to our docks, to aerospace, to construction, to the entertainment industry-the list is endless. And in each industry, workers struggled to organize themselves into collectives to shape the labor landscape of California. Some of California's labor movements have represented significant political events on a national if not a global scale-as in the historic struggle of labor activists Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. The gains made be the United Farm Workers inspired workers every where to fight for living wages and reasonable working conditions, and it proved that poor people can claim their rights when they organize and speak in one voice. In a word, labor unions equal POWER. But it didn't start with Chavez. In 1894, California held its first strike organized by San Francisco and Sacramento Carpenters who pushed for a whole sixteen dollars a day. Well, they settled for fourteen. However, a year later the first official union was organized in California, the San Francisco Typography Society. Formed by printers at the Alta California newspaper, the San Francisco Typography opposed a wage cut and in no time the power of collective bargaining overwhelmed its first obstacle. The first of many. Unions thrived for several decades after, sending a sonic boom of labor reform across the nation. Working conditions improved and wages increased. Life in America as we knew it over took a change of titanic proportions, for the better, of course. Despite all this success, in October 1929, the New York stock market crashed, and the value of stocks declined. People lost their jobs, their farms and their businesses. By 1932, 13 million men and women were unemployed. In the past, depressions had usually...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

bismarck vs. napoleon essays

bismarck vs. napoleon essays How do gender issues contribute to the conflict in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Federico Garcia Lorcas The House of Bernarda Alba? Gender Issues play a major role in contributing to the conflicts of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Federico Garcia Lorcas The House of Bernarda Alba. These gender issues are brought across by the portrayal of the women, the relationships between men and women, the isolation that is suffered by the female characters and how through all this they undergo a build up in character. All these factors contribute to an effective endings in both plays, where the central conflict of gender issues is brought to the forefront in a dramatic scene. When studying Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Federico Garcia Lorcas The House of Bernarda Alba, is important to note the portrayal of women through dialogue. A Dolls House focuses on the way that women are seen, primarily in the context of marriage and motherhood. It is strongly brought across that it is the sole duty of a woman to care for her children and to honor and obey her husband. Ibsen further aids this by the way in which he depicts the society his protagonist, Nora, has grown up in. Ibsen emphasizes how middle-class life for women indeed was; limiting, brutal and unforgiving. The society that is portrayed for the reader in A Dolls House appears to be an agreeable yet superficial one. It is brought across that however, that life in such a society comes at a price; one must comply with certain view points and obey certain rules of proper conduct, these are in many ways very limiting of freedom, extremely narrow and brutally enforced, if such rules are broken, it is unforgivable, as is evident at the plays ending. ...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Market government organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Market government organization - Essay Example The three banks that have most offshore accounts are UBS, Credit Suisse and Goldman Sachs. While US, UK and Germany are doing a great deal to bring to line the rogue tax evaders, more effective policy change and stringent punishments must be enacted to promote transparency and prevent tax evasion. Transparency laws should become compulsory, especially for banks and make accessibility f data easy for everyone, including foreign agencies and individuals. Hence, banks and banking laws should come under the purview of international laws along with local laws. Indeed, the governments cannot take actions if they are bound by international laws and local laws of countries where the money is stashed. Access to information becomes a critical issue that can significantly discourage tax evasion. Stringent punishment would further deter the tax evaders as well as banks and help developing and under developed economies to make fast socio-economic

Friday, November 1, 2019

Compare the way the Aztecs dealt with Cortes to the way the Powhatans Essay

Compare the way the Aztecs dealt with Cortes to the way the Powhatans dealt with the English - Essay Example In both cases, there was an uprising as a retaliation to the enemy’s act, but after incorporating the enemy in the society. For example, Carrasco and Sessions (229) assert that Cortes was welcomed by the Motecuhzoma. The Aztec ruler offered the Spaniards with high-class accommodations, touring them around the gardens, city, marketplace, and zoo something which the people did not want. A rebellion rose up when Cortes’ second-in-command in the Aztec capital murdered a group of unarmed warriors and priests at the Main Temple of Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs, under the leadership of Cuitlahuac led a massive attack in the night of June 1520 driving the Spaniards out of the town. Kupperman (174) argues that the Powhatanss incorporated the English settlers as clients so as to learn their economic and political arrangements. This made the English think they had submitted to King James which was not so. In both conquests, there were numerous casualties. White notes that during the Aztec’s resistance, â€Å"over 2,000 Tlaxcalan soldiers and 500 Spaniards were killed in the battle† (467). The Powhatans riddled the colonists with arrows, killing 347 settlers. Divine intervention was also used to fight off the enemy. The soothsayers informed Aztec emperor Montezuma II as well as the people of calamities to come. The Powhatans hatched the plan to attack the English settlers based on their religion. In both native groups, the captives were tortured and humiliated. The Aztecs ate the flesh of the enemies they had captured in the battle (Carrasco and Sessions 231). The Aztecs carried out campaigns to capture the enemy warriors for sacrifice and humiliation as much for killing on the battlefield. The Powhatans performed rituals on the captured enemies and killed them (Axtell 67). Captain John Smith, in December 1607, was almost executed by the king after being captured. The Aztec empire used conquests, wealth, a series of alliances, forced payments of the

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Industrialization 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrialization 2 - Coursework Example These techniques included forming a consumer base and using label names, brands, and warranties. Fourth, new industries of the late 1800s also incurred social and ecological expenses and enjoyed likewise benefits. These factors of industry entailed laborsaving equipment with workers vulnerable to bodily harm and pollution. Examples of new technologies that led to the growth of industries are equipment that made steel stronger and railways. Two inventions in organization developed by corporations are downsizing and vertical incorporation and a large staff. The device of downsizing and vertical incorporation mostly applied to oil companies that made deals with railway companies for transportation benefits. This device aided in ridding the competition. The device of a large staff or the â€Å"pull factor,† involved the migration of immigrants, mostly southern African Americans, with plants. Three ways the government played a role in the rise of big business are supporting corporations by offering federal forces to reinstate order, making court rulings in favor of big businesses, and side with big businesses against worker unions. New technologies were the main difference between industries of the late 19th century and those of the pre-civil war period, organizational devices defined the operation and production of big businesses during the 1800s, and the government played major roles in the success of great businesses during the 19th

Monday, October 28, 2019

Tomorrow When the War Began Film Review Essay Example for Free

Tomorrow When the War Began Film Review Essay Tomorrow when the war began is an adventure movie written and directed by Stuart Beattie. It is about the occupation of Australia by a foreign power. The film began in the Hunter Region and the Blue mountains, in tNew South Wales, Australia on 28 September 2009 with early shooting in Dungog. The film starts with a video recorded by Ellie Linton (Caitlin Stasey). She said a sentence at the beginning, â€Å"from the beginning† to tell us the story. She is the protagonist and the leader of the camping group. Firstly, Ellie and Corrie Mckenzie (Rachel Hurd-Wood) are suggesting to go camping together and Ellie said she might want to invite more people or friends to join them. Corrie’s best friend is Ellie. Secondly, they found some neighbors, which are Kevin Holmes, Corrie’s boyfriend (Lincoln Lewis), Homer Yannos, Ellie’s next-door neighbor, Fiona Maxwell (Phoebe Tonkin), Lee Takkam, the one who Ellie’s interest (Chris Pang) and the youngest character, Robyn Mathers (Ashleigh Cummings). During their first night of camping, Ellie wake by a lot of aircrafts sounds and the jet fuels. All of the people start to wake up also. They feel badly about the town and they start to pack up and go back to their homes. Since they arrived, there was no one in the town. Ellie’s home was the first stop. They went into her home and looking for her family. They found that her dog was dead and the electricity has shut down by unknown reason. After that, they continued to go to each person’s house. It’s the same with Ellie’s. Upon reaching a small hill, they found that the citizens of the town included their families are being detained by a foreign group. Soldiers spot Ellie and her friends and Ellie saw a man with a shot to the head on the ground get shock then ran away. Then they planned to save their families and used their power to blow up the bridge to against the soldiers. Finally they planned to fight for their families, tomorrow when the war began. There’s a scene which Robyn pick up a gun and kill a soldier to protect her friends. This is one of a big issue in the film, it’s telling about is it right to kill people if it is for self-defense. Robyn is a religious girl and she broke the rule to kill people. I think this film’s theme is this issue because they have to reach their mind and have pluck to fight. The good thing in this film, I think it can clearly show about Australia’s national security, the moralities of warfare and the European invasion in Australia through Ellie’s video log. It was a interesting way to start the story. It shows a very realistic story by video recording. Looks like Ellie really filmed the truth of the Australia.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Internet2 Essay example -- Internet Computers Technology Essays

Internet2 Internet2 was formed in 1006 with an original 34 institutions participating. With Internet2, the Clinton Administration was trying to advance technologies for many people. Their first step was to connect 100 institutions at 100 times the speed of the current internet. The applications generated by this research have already had a positive affect on fields such as health care, national security, distance learning, energy research, environmental monitoring, and manufacturing. Internet2 is an extremely interesting subject. One very important fact to keep in mind throughout learning about Internet2 and its different goals and purposes is that Internet2 is not meant to replace the present day form of the Internet, but rather to improve tomarrow's form of the Internet. Internet2, today, has grown into a consortium, or agreement that is being carried out by a group of 206 universities all across the United States. These various universities are working as partners along with industry as well as the government in hopes to develop and eventually deploy more advanced network applications and technology. This newly created network applications, along with the technology, will help to better the forms of Internet that will be available in the future. What Internet2 is really doing is completely recreating the partnership between education, industry and the government, which is what brought the Internet to its current state. There are three primary goals that Internet2 is aiming to accomplish. The first goal is to create a leading edge network capability for the national research community. The second goal is to enable revolutionary Internet applications. The thrid goal of Internet2 is to ensure the ... ...ng that he or she has absolutely no past knowledge of. I not only learned what Internet2 is, but I learned a lot about the current Internet and how it actually functions. To me, the Internet has always just been out there. I log on, and then I have immediate access to pretty much anything I desire. Now that I know and understand what gives me that access and how I get it, I will never look at the Internet or World Wide Web the same way. Just as e-mail and the World Wide Web are legacies of earlier investments in academic, industry and federal research networks, the legacy of Internet2 will be to expand the possibilities of the broader Internet. I believe that within the next four to five years, the world will see and have access to the use of an entirely different and advanced Internet due to the developments made by Internet2 and its actively working members.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

American Factory System before the Civil War Essay

The introduction of the factory system into the United States brought economic prosperity to many urban cities. The factory system increased the market for manufactured goods and export products. This generally caused a population boom in many urban centers such as New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston. New methods of transportations were introduced to facilitate the increasing flow of goods and labor among states. Trade with European countries also increased as the number of exports skyrocketed. In essence, the factory system hastened the industrialization process in the United States before the Civil War. In the South, the factory system for cotton spinning and weaving became firmly established in the United States as a result of the War of 1812. In Europe, textile machinery phased out domestic industries in which the worker owned his tools and implements. In America, however, there was little domestic weaving, and as such, the introduction of the factory system (for weaving) faced little opposition. In 1840, there were about 1200 cotton factories in the United States, operating 2 250 000 spindles. Ring or frame spinning had been invented, power looms were being manufactured in large numbers, and even exported. The factory system in the United States, unlike in Europe, offered relatively high wages to workers. People from rural areas migrated to urban areas to work in factories. Typical of which was the so-called ‘Lowell factory girls.’ These girls worked in factories, earning an almost equal wages with men, and having ‘special’ privileges (the so-called ‘literary weeks’). In essence, the wide opportunities available in a rapidly developing country gave workers wide ‘preferential’ initiatives. Factory girls left the mills to marry after three or four years, and child laborers elsewhere usually managed to find some other occupation by the time they reached their majority. In other words, the supply of labor in the factory system was fluid. Unlike a worker in Europe who was generally dependent on the factory system for subsistence, the worker in the United States was generally well-off in terms of wages and available opportunities. The laborers saw the factory system as a temporary source of income. Many Americans still preferred the old fashion way of farming or engaging in trade. The factory system for them could not be counted as a permanent work. The relatively higher wage level of an ordinary factory worker in the United States is the proof of such claim. Factory owners preferred a fluid supply of labor in their factories for efficiency purposes. This fluidity of labor was due temporarily to the shortage of labor supply in urban centers. Note that the manufacturing industry of the United States before the Civil War was still at its infancy stage. Moreover, much of American labor was still allocated to plantations in both North and South. Factory owners were forced to raise the wage level of workers above the minimum standard (unlike in Europe where wage levels were generally minimum or below minimum). There was another reason why factory owners treated their workers with some degree of respect and fairness. The experiences of the Revolution were enough to convince them that maltreating an ‘ordinary’ American would always lead to bloody confrontation. Their fears were not without basis. In 1832, for example, a factory in New York was burned by the workers. The factory management apparently withheld the salary of some members of the workforce for ‘apparent misconduct of behavior’ while working. This fear was momentarily. The factory owners saw that by increasing wage levels, labor productivity can be increased. This translated into huge profits. The conduct of ‘giving workers just compensation’ (except blacks) became incorporated to American labor practice. As such, one could only cite a very few number of radical/extreme labor movements in the country. Reference Morison, Samuel Eliot. 1963. The Oxford History of the American People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Demontration Speech

Demonstration Speech Outline Title: Best Mexican Guacamole Dip Specific purpose: To present you all to one of the best Guacamole recipes to of enter your life. Thesis: Guacamole is simple to make and most of all healthy. I. Introduction A. Attention materials: Did you know that Guacamole dates back to the Aztecs. They were particularly fond of it because of its high fat content. But don’t be alarmed! The avocado contains good fat you want incorporated into your body. B. Tie to the audience: Oh and the best part are its nutritional facts.For all you ladies who enjoy counting your calories. I bet it will put a smile on your face to know that this only contains around 190 calories. C. Credibility material: This Guacamole is so good, that’s every time there is a family event or party, I am expected to bring the Guacamole. I don’t even get asked anymore. I guess I just have that touch. D. Preview: There are only three very simple steps in the making of this tasty snac k. Which involve the following, 1. Mashing the Avocado. 2. Mixing the ingredients. 3. Serving itII. Body A. The first step is to gather your ingredients. You will need, 1. 2 large Avocados 2. 2 tbsps of Onions 3. 2 tbsps of Tomatoes 4. 2 tbsps of Jalapenos 5. 2 tbsps of Cilantro 6. Salt 7. Lime 8. Tortilla chips B. Your second step is to gently mash the Avocados with a fork until chunky smooth in a bowl. C. The third step involves mixing all of your ingredients in the bowl. 1. Pour 1 tablespoon of Onions into the bowl containing the mashed Avocados, and mix. 2. Pour 1 tablespoon of Tomatoes into the bowl, and mix. 3.Pour 1 tablespoon of Jalapenos into the bowl, and mix. 4. Pour 1 tablespoon of Cilantro into the bowl, and mix. 5. Sprinkle some salt into the bowl, adjust seasoning to taste. 6. Squirt ? of a lime, to prevent Avocado from turning brown. D. Serve the Guacamole with Mexican style tortilla chips, and enjoy! III. Conclusion A. Final Review: Today you learned how to make a d elicious Mexican style Guacamole following three easy steps. 1. Mash the Avocados until chunky smooth. 2. Mixing all of you ingredients into a bowl. 3. Serve it with Mexican Style Tortilla Chips. B.Tie back to the audience: Now that summer is coming, everyone is trying to get rid of those extra pounds they gained during the holidays and watch what they eat. Well, most of the ingredients in this Guacamole are vegetables. Which make us that much less guilty to enjoy it. C. Concluding remarks: So next time you have a craving for something yummy and healthy, make yourself a Mexican Style Guacamole dip. It never fails to satisfy. Work Cited: http://www. food. com/recipe/guacamole-real-authentic-mexican-guac-135048 http://guacamole-recipe. net/simple-and-quick-guacamole-recipe-with-pictures/

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Greek Cultral Contributions

Greek Cultral Contributions Free Online Research Papers There are influences and contributions found throughout the world. One such example is through the ancient Greeks. During the period of ancient Greece there were several intelligent men whose theories and ideas helped lead to these great contributions. They are now known as the Greek philosophers. These philosophers include, Heraclitus, Pericles, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. The Greeks were seemingly much ahead of their time through their beliefs and interest. An as a result, they greatly influenced our society and world today. Perhaps the greatest contribution of the Greeks to society is democracy. By definition democracy means: a government by the people, or a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. The Greek philosopher Pericles felt that in order for a democracy to succeed it must first contain an authority figure or someone in a leadership role. It was a general belief that in order to maintain this form of government it would require the cooperation of all of the citizens. However, under Greek control it was limited to only white males with property. Today, in American society democracy is available to everyone regardless of his or her race or sex. According to Pericles there are steps necessary for democracy to be present. The first is that one should not care how another enjoys himself as long as it is in private and not in public and thus in public view everyone is to maintain the law. The next is, each person should be interested in not only themselves but also the state. The Greeks were extremely interested in what was happening in their world. Similarly, today we vote as a way of showing our interest in our country’s government. Lastly one must never rush into action, for one acts before debating the consequences then the results are often negative. Through democracy there was never a guarantee of prosperity but a democracy did provide more assistance. Another unique Greek contribution is the idea of questioning everything. The Greek kings made laws, however, eventually the people began to challenge this. They said that the kings were not God so how could they say what was a law. Therefore, American society did not create the idea of questioning as many may think. Instead, the Greeks did because once one questions the king’s authority who else is left. The idea of questioning was mainly put forth by Socrates. He established a method called the Socratic method, which includes a question and answer technique. After the Peloponnesian War the authority figures did not often approve of such ideas. Socrates believed so strongly in the process of questioning that he put his life on the line in an effort to make his ideas known. When he was accused of corrupting the youth through his teaching he refused to back down from his beliefs and was in turn put to death. This is certainly a contribution of the Greeks that is every present in the American society. Another, somewhat contribution of the Greeks to the world comes through their protection of women. For instance, Hector, from Homer’s Illiad, tells his wife, Andromache, to go spin and weave and take care of the children while he goes off to war. Hector felt that it was his duty to fight to protect his wife. Although, in our society today women are not nearly as restricted they still have certain limits necessary for protection. For example, women are not put on the front line in battle to fight for fear of rape. However, the fear is that of the society not of the women. Nevertheless, the Greeks believed in protecting women just as many societies, including ours, do today. Yet another contribution is the Greek idea that man can do anything with time and reason. The Greeks invented the Olympics as a competition for sportsmen to discover who is the best or to determine excellence. Correspondingly, in the present day we use such Olympic oriented events to prove excellence and that man can do anything if he takes his time. For instance, today we have the Special Olympics in which people with disabilities compete. These people much use enormous time and determination to overcome the great obstacles that stand in their way. The Greeks also made some contribution to the idea of life after death. The philosophers Heraclitus, Plato, Hume suggested that perhaps this idea was out of reach of ordinary thought, however, they still contemplated the idea. They did not simply wonder about this issue but researched it. Thus, they became some the first people to actually research one’s fate after physical death. Even though some of their findings were incorrect such as, reincarnation, nevertheless they made a gallant effort to discover the truth. Drama was yet another contribution of the Greeks. The Greek states supported drama because they felt that it was a way of educating the citizens. The first Greek dramas were tragedies. Despite being so long ago these drama deal with issues that we also find in our world today. For example, they included the conflict of good verses evil, people’s rights, spiritually, and human nature. Similarly comedy was also developed from the Greeks. Much like our present day comedies, the Greek comedies contained obscene jokes as a way of entertaining the audience. Another factor is that of reason. Both Socrates and Plato believed that the knowledge of morals must be based on reason. Therefore, they helped to contribute the idea that people should act off of their honorable and just instincts. For instance, it could be said that all societies have evolved in some form of evil because they all evolved from slavery. Slavery is viewed as being wrong because it makes one man master over another man. Therefore, if what is ethical is based on reason slavery could not possibly withstand the test of reason. This contributes to American society, because despite having issues with slavery in the past, the American society of today now views slavery in the same light as the great Greek philosophers. It simply is not right to take charge over another human being. The Greeks had a general interest of wisdom to which they contributed worldwide. This interest spread throughout the generations. From Socrates to Plato, Plato to Aristotle, and Aristotle to Alexander the Great the Greeks continuously distributed this curiosity universally. Plato, a follower of Socrates formed a school called the Academy, in which Aristotle studied. Then as Alexander the Great traveled through his many adventures he carried with him all that he had learned from his great instructor. However, Alexander was not simply satisfied with what he learned from Aristotle, he continued in an effort to learn throughout his life and consequently spread it to the nations that he conquered. In today’s world it is evident that we gained this trait on from the Greeks, because once we gain an interest on a specific topic we strive to learn everything we possibly can on that subject. Americans, like many other societies of the world, like to believe that we are supreme and often develop our own ideas. However, it is evident that many of our unique views on life were in fact copied from the Greeks. If you study the concepts of the Greeks it is clearly similar to that of the Americans. The Greek people were very unique in comparison to other world cultures of their time. Similarly, the Americans share that unique quality as they learned from the ancient Greeks. Kagan, Donald. â€Å"Pericles of Athens and The Birth of Democracy.† Humanities. 26 (1991): 7. Moody, Raymond A. â€Å"Near Death Experiences in Ancient Greek Philosophy; The Origins of Rational Inquiry Into the Afterlife.† Journal of Spirituality Paranormal. 30 (2007): 5-9. Mufuka, K. Nyamayaro, and Ricketson, William F. An Introduction To Western Civilization. Donalds: Voice of Truths, 2000 Perry, Marvin. Western Civilization Ideas, Politics, and Society. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 2007 Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 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